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Matthew Cradock
Matthew Cradock (also spelled Craddock and Craddocke) (died 27 May 1641) was a London merchant, politician, and the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Founded in 1628, it was an organization of Puritan businessmen that organized and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Although he never even visited the colony, he owned property and businesses there, and he acted on its behalf in London. His business and trading empire encompassed at least 18 ships, and extended from the West Indies and North America to Europe and the Near East. He was a dominant figure in the tobacco trade.
Cradock was a strong supporter of the Parliamentary cause in the years leading up to the English Civil War. He opposed royalist conservatism in the East India Company and, as a member of the Long Parliament, supported the ''Root and Branch'' attempts to radically reform the Church of England. He played a leading role in the Protestation of 1641, and died not long after.
==Early life and business==
Nothing is known of Matthew Cradock's early life. He was from a Staffordshire family; a cousin, also named Matthew Cradock, was mayor of Stafford, and built a mansion on the site of Caverswall Castle, Staffordshire.〔Whitmore and Appleton, p. 5〕 Although his father was a cleric, his grandfather was a merchant, and other family members were involved in trade.〔Brenner, p. 137〕 Cradock was twice married. By his first wife Damaris he had a daughter, also named Damaris; by his second wife, Rebeccah, he had three children that apparently did not survive. Rebeccah survived him, but the children are not mentioned in his will.〔Medford Historical Society, p. 138〕
In 1606 he was an apprentice to William Cockayne at the Skinners' Company, then a major London shipping firm.〔Andrews, p. 90〕 He probably began trading with northwestern Europe, but eventually expanded his business to the Near East.〔 Cradock joined the Levant Company in 1627,〔Brenner, p. 71〕 and in 1628 he purchased £2,000 of stock in the East India Company.〔Bailyn, p. 17〕 Cradock served as a director of the East India Company in 1629–1630 and again from 1634 until his death in 1641.〔〔According to Brenner (p. 77), contemporary documents refer to the directors as "committees", the term used in Beaven to describe Cradock's role in the EIC.〕 Cradock used his business and personal connections to establish a lucrative trade, shipping New World tobacco to the Near East and sending provisions to the colonies in North America and the West Indies that produced it.〔Brenner, pp. 137–138〕 He is known to have been owner or part owner of 18 ships between 1627 and 1640,〔Andrews, p. 91〕 and he was one of a relatively small number of businessmen whose trade encompassed both eastern trade (to India and the Levant) and trade in European waters.〔Brenner, p. 77〕 By the end of the 1630s he stood at the center of one of the largest trading business involved in the Americas.〔Brenner, p. 150〕 In 1640 Cradock was a member of a group of business men who opposed the conservative royalist leadership of the East India Company, engaging in an unsuccessful attempt to reform the company's directorate.〔Brenner, pp. 310, 375〕
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